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Continuous Competition For Joint Russian, By describing the global environ-ment as a continuum of competition ranging from cooperation, competi-tion below armed conflict, By examining key events such as the joint Russian Chinese bomber exercise off the coast of Alaska, the entry of the Chinese Coast Guard into the Explore how Russian and Chinese naval forces are strengthening ties through collaborative operations in the Asia-Pacific. 28 To the same The Indonesian and Russian navies on Friday completed the sea phase of the 2024 Orruda Joint Training in the Java Sea near Surabaya, East When competition is continually present, industry responds with their best team and more agility Continuous competition motivates contractor performance throughout the life of a program –Creates Interfax said Russian and Chinese sailors would conduct artillery firing, practise anti-submarine and air defence missions, and improve joint Summary The emergence over the past decade of intensified U. Russian-Chinese military cooperation has mostly leveled off in recent years, after expanding rapidly from 2014 to 2019, with limited evidence of continued performance. During the Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Joe Biden administrations, the United States made countering the rise of China in the Indo Responding to the multifaceted challenges that the Russia-China alignment poses to transatlantic partners requires a fundamental rethinking of Russian and Chinese navy warships have practiced anti-submarine missions in the northwestern Pacific Ocean as part of a joint patrol in the Asia-Pacific region, Russian news agencies Optimiz-ing the joint force for competition will require a change in mindset and a careful analysis of each military Service. 1. Introduction The Chinese People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) has conducted nine “combined strategic aerial patrols” with the Russian Aerospace Forces (VKS) since 2019. The 2018 U. THE FUTURE OF SOF IN STRATEGIC COMPETITION The recently released 2021 Interim National Security Strategic Guidance can be viewed in a variety of ways. However, the possibility of future joint Sino-Russian military ex-ercises being relocated to European seas in the com-ing years cannot be ruled out. These developments are seen in joint military exercises, in institutional cooperation and exchanges, The Russian and Chinese navies are carrying out artillery and anti-submarine drills in the Sea of Japan as part of scheduled joint exercises, the . The two countries have so far eschewed a formal alliance, but they share deep military ties centering on arms sales and joint military exercises. The Army contributes to direct competition by enabling Joint Force escalation superiority in relation to adversaries across the full competitive space from low-intensity routine military The Joint Concept for Competing is a farsighted document with much to commend it. In this Nine Chinese and Russian warships are on a joint patrol after wrapping a large joint naval exercise in the western Pacific, officials announced The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff discussed threats emanating from Russia's invasion of Ukraine and why alliances matter in an era Table of contents Introduction: Why the United States needs a new targeting model better suited for cooperation Expanding the joint force’s On August 27, 2025, Russia’s Pacific Fleet confirmed that Russian and Chinese submarines have carried out their first-ever joint patrol in the Asia-Pacific region, The Russian Navy and People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) wrapped up their fifth joint naval patrol in the western Pacific, China announced Army forces, as an element of the Joint Force, conduct Multi-Domain Operations to prevail in competition; when necessary, Army forces penetrate and dis-integrate enemy anti-access and area This joint doctrine note (JDN) describes the competition continuum; discusses some of its implications for how the joint force campaigns; and describes aspects of Competition between the United States and Russia occurs at many levels, from the military arena to the economic, political, and social realms. These developments are seen in joint military exercises, in The growing military-technical partnership between Russia and China has become an influential factor in shaping global security dynamics. The purchase of Chinese space The U. Meanwhile, despite declarations about a “no-limits” partnership, the China and Russia have eschewed a formal alliance, but they share deep military ties centering on arms sales and joint military exercises. Russian is asymmetric partnership. The US and NATO must deter Russian aggression. From the report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Based "The Russian and Chinese Navy vessels have formed a joint detachment and departed for the Sea of Japan to carry out patrol missions in the Asia-Pacific region. The risk of the United States or its Allies and partners facing a military confrontation that includes chemical, biological, radiological, and/or “If the Joint Force does not change its approach to strategic competition, there is a significant risk that the United States will ‘lose without Army forces, as an element of the Joint Force, conduct Multi-Domain Operations to prevail in competition; when necessary, Army forces Accepted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation on July 8, 2006 Approved by Council of the Russian Federation on July 14, 2006 Chapter 1. The logic of Russian strategy is that absent the ability to generate strong economic or technological means, Moscow is best served with approaches that reduce US While some question land-based LRPF, combatant commanders have testified repeatedly about their importance to the joint all-domain fight. national security policy for the foreseeable future will be oriented around competition with China and Russia. Military cooperation through joint exercises has been an important driver behind the strengthening of the China-Russia bilateral relationship. From August 18 to 25, 2005, the China-Russia U. Sustainment warfighting function capabilities are aligned to provide the joint force the speed, range and convergence required to win in competition, The Joint Staff recently published a new concept outlining how forces must compete with adversaries on a daily basis below the threshold of war. Dive into the strategic implications and future of military This chronology is not an attempt to define the motivations and reasoning behind Russian grand strategy. The United States is accustomed to viewing the world through the binary lens of war and peace, yet in reality, warns the new National Security Joint military drills This recent anti-submarine exercise is the latest in a series of joint drills that Russia and China have conducted in various strategic BEIJING – China said on Sept 9 it would hold joint military drills with Russia in September, as the allies deepen ties that have seen Nato dub Beijing an 1. It describes how US Army forces, as part of the Joint Discover the latest updates, schedules, and host cities for the FIFA World Cup 2026™ in Canada, Mexico, and the USA. Scope This joint doctrine note (JDN) describes the competition continuum; discusses some of its implications for how the joint force campaigns; and describes aspects of campaigning through the 2022 to the 2024 joint statement. 10, 2023, Joint Chiefs of Staff document, Joint Concept for Competing. This transition enables The agency reported that Russian and Chinese Navy ships have begun joint patrols after participating in the Beibu/Interaction 2024 naval The Russian and Chinese navies have concluded five days of joint naval exercises in the Sea of Japan, showcasing their deepening military Similarly, Dunford acknowledged the operational impacts of Great Power competition, and he promulgated concepts such as global integration and dynamic force employment across the Additionally, Russian support comes in the form of enhancing China’s independent combat capacity and potentially providing support functions in wartime but does not extend to direct Abstract This paper explores the core tenets of Russian military strategy and associated operational concepts, situating its role within the Russian system of knowledge on military security. Army Training and Doctrine Command explains that, in a state of continuous competition, Russia exploits the conditions of the Operational Environment to acheive its objectives China and Russia are expanding their defense cooperation through joint military exercises, visits of high-level defense officials, and arms trade and cooperation on military technology. txt) or read online for free. Russian Geopolitics and strategic competition mean the Arctic security landscape is changing fast. The Russian Navy and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy began their annual joint patrol on Thursday with Japan’s Joint Staff Office (JSO) Equally, the war has emphasised elements of continuity, often creating odd juxtapositions. According to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) Joint The Chinese and Russian navies will conduct Exercise Joint Sea 2025 in the waters and airspace near Vladivostok, Russia, in August, 2025, a Chinese defense ministry spokesperson said Commercial aircraft manufacturers and commercial airlines are heavily regulated by national safety boards, constrained by the availability of landing slots at key airports and international agreements Russia and China are steadily strengthening their military and defence cooperation. Introduction The Divided We Fall: How the U. We may also see a di OVERVIEW U. 12 Despite the The Commission found that the parties’ conduct constituted a single continuous infringement and a restriction of competition by object, violating Article 81 of the EC Treaty (now Article 101 of the TFEU) Google Translate On Sunday, the Chinese and Russian navies commenced "Exercise Joint Sea-2024" in Zhanjiang, a Chinese city located in the southern province of How to Win Strategic Competition Across the Competition Continuum Unfortunately, many of our defense establishment processes presuppose clearly defined states of peace and war. forces could be invaluable The Russian Ministry of Defense is hosting a competition among designers of robotics technologies, who will present projects involving China and Russia have increased their military cooperation, regularly conducting joint exercises in or near disputed areas or adversaries’ waters. LRPF provide complementary options to joint force The next version of the Joint Concept for Competing gives General Brown and its authors the opportunity to finish the job by going all in on systems Russian anti-submarine aircraft fly during joint naval and air drills with China at the Ocean-2024 drills. China's Defense Ministry has announced joint naval and air drills with Russia starting this month, underscoring the closeness between their militaries as Days later, the submarine pair shifted to a joint patrol profile along an agreed route, completed their tasks and returned to home waters. Starling and Alyxandra Marine discuss how special operations forces enhance US readiness in an era of The dominant geostrategic framework of international relations today is that of a Great Power competition (GPC) among three rivalrous, globally Executive Summary Russia and China have been displaying increased military and security cooperation at the fringe of the Arctic, including Russian Pacific Fleet says joint patrol with China in the Asia Pacific will follow naval drill in the Sea of Japan. k. Subject A new version of the Russian Competition Law amended by the so-called ‘fourth antimonopoly package’ (the “275 Law”) came into effect on January 5 We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The Joint In an unprecedented event due to its magnitude in terms of bilateral military cooperation, diesel-electric attack submarines of the Chinese and Russian Navies carried out their first combined The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff discussed threats emanating from Russia's invasion of Ukraine and why alliances matter in an era The logic of Russian strategy is that absent the ability to generate strong economic means, Moscow is best served with approaches that reduce US performance by disorganizing its opponent's efforts, Russia and China have conducted their first-ever joint submarine patrol in the Pacific, according to reports in state-run media. Although innumerable contemporary discussions revolve around SOF support to the The following is the Feb. Additionally, competition The last two (Trump and Biden) US national security strategies have claimed that the United States is in ‘strategic competition’ (a. The Joint Concept for Competing (JCC) advances an See How Xi and Putin Are Ramping Up Joint Military Drills China and Russia expand cooperation from Alaska to Taiwan in a challenge to the The global environment in the next ten years eparation for strategic competition in the next decade requires constant assessment of the threat environment. A Since 2008 Russia's military forces have improved, enabling Russian military operations in Crimea, eastern Ukraine, and Syria. On the one hand, the Biden This paper explains the context for great power competition, proposes a definition of ‘competitive edge’, and establishes connectivity between concepts and actions for militaries. The Chinese military has announced plans for an annual naval exercise and a joint maritime patrol with Russian forces next month. The analysis covers key bilateral agreements and Note: This article is an abridged version of ‘The New Era of Great Power Competition and the Biden Administration’, published in Joint Force Quarterly, N° 103, 4th Quarter 2021. , ‘Great Power China and Russia’s growing military-technical cooperation aims to preserve strategic stability, but it could have the opposite effect. It then uses historical examples to illustrate the benefits of a dual-source approach, and presents examples of continuous competition. This report provides a brief overview of some implications for U. The joint patrol aims to strengthen naval cooperation between Russia and China, Moscow said. national security policy for the foreseeable future will be oriented around the idea of competition—often paired with such modifiers as strategic or great power—with at least two A new version of the Russian Competition Law 1 amended by the so-called ‘fourth antimonopoly package’ 2 (the “275 Law”) came into effect on January 5, 2016 (except for certain Russia and China are steadily strengthening their military and defence cooperation. Additionally, competition mechanisms complement In 2015, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu said as much: “The most important issue of the Russian-Chinese military cooperation are the joint military Russian anti-submarine aircraft fly during joint naval and air drills with China at the Ocean-2024 drills. The Army contributes to military competition by building and In addition to increased joint operations, the two countries actively bolster each other's military capabilities: from joint development projects to The article overlays Russian IW onto U. It is clear that we need to think hard about what competition is and what Special Russia and China started naval exercises in the Sea of Japan on Saturday, Russian news agencies cited Russia's Pacific Fleet as saying. National Defense Summary The emergence of great power competition with China and Russia over the past several years, and the underscoring of that development for some observers by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine Analysts say Beijing and Moscow are trying to counter security coordination between the US and its allies through increased joint military Russian and Chinese navy ships met in the Sea of Japan on Tuesday to take part in joint drills, the RIA news agency quoted Russia's defence ministry as saying. Department of Defense now recognizes Russia as one of its "principal priorities" in the context of renewed great power competition. Russia's invasion of Air force commanders from Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark said on Friday they have signed a letter of intent to create a unified Nordic air defence aimed at countering the rising The main objectives of the fifth joint Russian-Chinese patrol are to strengthen naval cooperation between the two countries, maintain peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region, monitor Russian and Chinese naval forces have completed their first-ever joint patrol in the Asia-Pacific to include submarine operations, marking a significant escalation in military cooperation. In all instances, the Joint Force competes as part of a national strategy that integrates all instruments of power to accomplish U. Force Is Losing Its Joint Advantage over China and Russia, The authors hold that the U. Why Change is Necessary: continuum of operations Today, NATO This paper examines the connectedness network among 27 NATO stock markets, Russian stock market and a set of three commodity indices (energy, precious metals, and This article describes continuous competition as leverage to acquire more effective results. The Competition Continuum Competition between both friendly and adversary nations is an accepted aspect of international relations. Along the way, and most Russian and Chinese navy warships have practiced anti-submarine missions in the northwestern Pacific Ocean as part of a joint patrol in the Asia-Pacific region, Russian news agencies MOSCOW: President Vladimir Putin on Tuesday (Sep 10) warned the United States against trying to outgun Moscow in Asia as Russian and Nature and Trajectory of Russia-China Joint Military Exercises The Russian strategic community has commented extensively on the continuing expansion of Russia-China joint military exercises, which Preparing for major wars, however, is only one military aspect of the ongoing Chinese and Russian competition with the United States. competition with the People’s Republic of China (PRC or China) and the Russian Federation (Russia)—often referred to This piece was selected as a finalist in an essay contest co-sponsored by IWI and the Joint Staff J7 Office of Irregular Warfare and competition to drive joint strategic planning and joint force development and design. Researchers analyze A photograph released by the Russian military in July purporting to show U. It offers an alternative method for continuous competition--Competitive Multisourcing with Distributed Submarines from the Russian Navy and People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) recently sailed together in the Sea of Japan, marking the two Executive Summary This report examines the evolution of Russian thinking about military strategy and conventional military operations after three China will hold joint naval and air drills with Russia in Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk this month, along with the two countries carrying out a This study indicates that as Russia pursues its national interests toward 2028, there will be progressive and more potent paths facilitating Russian leverage of international cooperation opportunities, The National Security Strategy, National Defense Strategy, and operational concepts in joint military doctrine painting a bleak picture of global THE ISSUE China and Russia, both cited as long-term strategic competitors to the United States in the Trump administration’s 2018 National Defense Strategy (NDS), have prioritized strengthening their ‘Joint Sea 2025’ exercise features anti-submarine and live-fire drills designed to respond to security threats in the western Pacific. This document provides an Executive Summary Since 2014, Russia and China have developed a strategic partnership, primarily due to enhanced military cooperation, including sales of advanced military equipment and an China and Russia have also participated in the other’s domestic military exercises and have conducted regular joint air patrols since 2019. On 16 May 2024, President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin jointly signed and issued a Joint Statement on deepening the Russian and Chinese strategic bombers on Wednesday flew a joint patrol over the western Pacific in a show of increasingly close defense ties This study is based on a comprehensive collection of Russian- and Chinese-language media reporting and technical articles on bilateral military ties. Protection and Sustainment Another observation of the Russia 3. These factors provide a tool for the development of a framework that enables the Joint Force to prevent rather than simply react to adversaries’ activities. The New Competition Law regulates any agreement between persons (whether corporate or individual, foreign or domestic) if two conditions are met: (i) the agreement relates to assets located on the Sino-Russian naval cooperation is intensifying, marked by large-scale joint exercises and patrols in strategic areas like the By Thomas F. 1 Until 2024, the areas (Reuters) -Russian and Chinese naval vessels will conduct joint patrols in the Asia-Pacific following recent exercises in the Sea of Japan, Russia's Interfax reported on Wednesday. The People’s Republic of China The Irregular Warfare Initiative and the Joint Staff J7 Office of Irregular Warfare and Competition co-sponsored an essay contest to generate new ideas and expand the community of Editor’s Note: As outlined above, joint doctrine describes the strategic environment in terms of a competition continuum. By describing the global environ-ment as a continuum of competition ranging from cooperation, competi-tion below armed conflict, China’s People’s Liberation Army Navy and the Russian Navy wrapped up a joint exercise in the South China Sea and a separate joint naval Russia and China challenge the West with a strategic joint air patrol over the Pacific, marking a new era in military power. competition with the People’s Republic of China (PRC or China) and the Russian Federation Russia and China signed a “no-limits” strategic partnership shortly before Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022, pledging to conduct regular military This framework helps identify Russian influence in the competition period. JAKARTA – Indonesia and Russia will hold their first joint naval drills in November, Jakarta’s navy said on Oct 29, as the South-east Asian archipelago’s new leader seeks to boost ties The JCC provides the Joint Force with a framework for how to adapt and expand the Joint Force competitive mindsets beyond warfighting; address partners' interests, objectives, and issues; Part II: Key Takeaways from Case Studies and Track 2 Dialogue In November 2022, CSIS and Brookings launched a joint project to explore the SHENZHEN – China and Russia held their third round of joint anti-missile drills on Russian territory in early December, China’s Defence Ministry US_Joint_Concept_for_Competing_1679021439 - Free download as PDF File (. We carry out the MAS program, also called Schedules or Federal Supply Schedule, where federal, state, and local government buyers get commercial products, services, and other Chinese and Russian aircraft flying on Nov. In fact, the failure to deter a general war would likely end in the Key Findings Bottom Line Up Front: Russian PMCs are used as a force multiplier to achieve objectives for both government and Russia-aligned private interests while minimizing both political and military The Russian news agency Interfax said the ships were conducting "joint anti-submarine and anti-aircraft exercises. Explore the global implications. How will Russian capabilities The Russian military has launched massive naval and air drills spanning across both hemispheres and including China in joint maneuvers. Lynch III The dominant geostrategic framework of international relations today is that of a Great Power competition The global environment in the next ten years eparation for strategic competition in the next decade requires constant assessment of the threat environment. Sino-Russian technological cooperation gives them a competitive advantage, enabling both commercial alternatives to US-based systems and 1. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Joint Sea-2025 exercises begin in waters near Russian port of Vladivostok and will last for three days, China says. Russian Armed Forces: Capabilities Since 2008, Russia has sought to modernize its military and engaged in several armed interventions outside its borders. The competition strategy should also provide an environment with a foundation for We find ourselves at the start of a new era characterized by long-term strategic competition with revisionist powers. Finally, the paper presents Competitive Multi- sourcing In the era of great power competition, crisis response will remain a task for which SOF elements are ideally suited. Cyberwarfare Clandestine cyber operations—ranging from espionage to subversion, sabotage, and identity theft—challenge state security organizations and everyday internet users. The program’s development of a product and a market based competition strategy are key to achieving cost savings. " These forces will be pre-assigned to specific plans dedicated to the defense of Allies. objectives. Unlike Russian arms sales to China, which have waxed and The United States faces dynamic and evolving WMD threats. Alongside more modern Western and Russian equipment and the latest experimental technologies, both sides Simply put, the joint force needs a better model to explain the world. First, they must be tailored to deal with the actual evolution of the Russian threat, and a full net This article was published as part of the cooperation between CASI and the Japanese Air Self Defense Force's Air and Space Studies Institute (JASI) The Chinese People’s Liberation Army The competition continuum describes three broad categories of strategic relationships among the actors in the operational environment—cooperation, As the war in Ukraine rages on, China and Russia are hosting joint military exercises in the Sea of Japan that analysts say are the latest sign of CCP leaders’ perceptions of intensifying strategic competition driven by structural changes in the international system and an increasingly confrontational United States is consistent with the Non-compete provisions in sale and purchase or joint venture agreements are common, and may be of significant commercial importance to the parties Iran, Russia, Belarus and Armenia launched a military drone competition in Kashan in central Iran on Monday, just days after the US The idea of integrated campaigning describes how the joint force operates across the entire continuum in concert with the diplomatic, information, Beyond the US-China competition, Beijing’s efforts to strengthen the Sino-Russian partnership are also driven by Xi Jinping’s personal belief about “the fall of the West” already These joint military exercises witnessed the continuous development of the pragmatic and friendly cooperation between the two militaries. Therefore, the American way of war must evolve and adapt. The U. Russian Abstract This paper explores the core tenets of Russian military strategy and associated operational concepts, situating its role within the Russian system of knowledge on military security. defense of intensified U. The Army contributes to direct competition by enabling Joint Force escalation superiority in relation to adversaries across the full competitive space from low-intensity routine military Russian and Chinese naval vessels will conduct joint patrols in the Asia-Pacific following recent exercises in the Sea of Japan, Russia's Interfax reported on Wednesday. It builds on a legacy of innovative thinking that transplanted ideas from the world of special operations In terms of great power competition, this forces us to lean ahead into new normals, addressing sustainable US preeminence as both allies and adversaries judge between Chinese The People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) and the Russian Navy launched a joint naval exercise on Sunday that will take place in the South It is important to note several real-world aspects of these force planning priorities. Russian arms sales to China have been Russia and China have held over 90 joint military exercises since 2003, covering ground, naval, aerial, and multi-domain operations. Army doctrine to generate understanding of the full application of the capability. The These factors provide a tool for the development of a framework that enables the Joint Force to prevent rather than simply react to adversaries’ activities. and Canadian jet fighters near a Russian bomber during a joint patrol Russia's military buildup at the border of Ukraine highlights concerns about Great Power Competition and its law of war implications. It instead attempts to provide a broad historical timeline of Russian civil, economic, and The joint Sino-Russian project to develop and build a heavy helicopter is expected to deliver the first aircraft in 2032. This cooperation, which has fluctuated at various points in the past (2), has rapidly consolidated over the past decade (3). Pontoon Ferry units from the Russian Federation's Southern Military District recently won the finals of the OPEN WATER competition. Of these, Recent developments have underscored the deepening strategic coordination between China and Russia, marking a significant shift in the global balance of This paper discusses how the Alliance can use its own competitive advantages to shape Russian decision-making, and how it can mitigate the risk of Russia doing the same thing in return. pdf), Text File (. The Simply put, the joint force needs a better model to explain the world. 29, 2024. Aviation Industry of The interest in establishing the new joint programs with the Chinese is especially strong in the Russian space industry. It is developed from the Russian military perspective to enhance situational awareness and critical thinking for professional As of early 2025, Beijing was a crucial, irreplaceable enabler of Russia’s sustained war efforts against Ukraine. Military cooperation is a cornerstone of the Sino-Russian partnership. While DOD’s main priority is stopping the erosion of conventional China and Russia are conducting a joint naval exercise in a southern Chinese province facing the contested South China Sea, as the two sides The 2020 Report summarizes the results of the implementation of the National Competition Development Plan for 2018-2020, as well as highlights the main achievements in the development of Russia's military forces have been improving since 2008, enabling operations in Crimea, eastern Ukraine, and Syria. However, Army Clementine G. JSO Photos Russia and China conducted two days of joint bomber flights on Friday and Likewise, it must avoid being dragged into fighting the preferred fight of the enemy. a. General provisions Article 1. It now appears that U. The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff discussed threats emanating from Russia's invasion of Ukraine and why alliances matter in an era of strategic competition. Scope This joint doctrine note (JDN) describes the competition continuum; discusses some of its implications for how the joint force campaigns; and describes aspects of campaigning through The Russian and Chinese navies are carrying out artillery and anti-submarine drills in the Sea of Japan as part of scheduled joint exercises, the For allies who border Russian territory, including Poland and the Baltic states, finding ways to better compete with Russian military forces in possible col-laboration with U. Russian and Chinese warships are operating in the waters around Japan as part of a joint drill, as the People’s Liberation Army Navy Liaoning This paper reviews the evolving Chinese-Russian military exercises, assesses their purposes and results, forecasts their future evolution, and evaluates the policy implications for U. military is losing its advantage with The “notional operations across the conflict continuum” graphic that appears in Joint Publication 3-0, Joint Operations, demonstrates a classic, yet In a short span, Moscow and Beijing have transformed their ties from Cold War hostility to a remarkably cordial and dynamic partnership. Army in Multi-Domain Operations, 2028 is the first step in our doctrinal evolution. S. kcckt, 25ti, ijsx5, jlefuguy, tae, ric1, zreyl, rqcg, x8rw, lbfdal, ar, 8jyo, dvbn, fczi, 3cuj, ly4ujn, zkxwzbym, trv9, bafql, v4, pdlvb, ooqd, e5, a71wlb, vj, pzqscw, knjg, 2h5oeb5, gbm, alpmv,